The Watchers

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Twenty-six water districts in California to begin rationing water

California is slowly fading into desert land. The fight to save the state's water resources has begun at the state level. Governor Jerry Brown recently imposed a 25 percent mandatory restriction on urban water use. This takes effect in July 2015.

This is only the beginning of large scale rationing efforts across the state. Before Brown signed the mandatory water restriction, 26 California water districts were planning to ration water imported into the state. This drastic measure has only happened twice before. A vote is expected soon as the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California weighs their conservation options throughout the state.

Nestle exports California water for profit as locals are forced to ration

As 26 water districts begin to ration imported water, the Nestle Corporation is busy extracting spring water 85 miles east of Los Angeles, California. From there the precious water is bottled and exported for sale around the world. In fact, Nestle owns Arrowhead Mountain Spring Water, a 383,000 square foot bottling plant located on the Morongo Band of Mission Indian reservation. This plant also packages purified water for their Nestle Pure Life brand.

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Huge magma chamber discovered deep beneath the Yellowstone supervolcano

A team of University of Utah seismologists discovered and made images of a reservoir of hot, partly molten rock about 19 to 45 km (12 to 28 miles) beneath the Yellowstone supervolcano, and it is 4.4 times larger than the shallower, long-known magma chamber.

The hot rock in the newly discovered, deeper magma reservoir would fill the 1 000-cubic-mile Grand Canyon 11.2 times, while the previously known magma chamber would fill the Grand Canyon 2.5 times, says postdoctoral researcher Jamie Farrell, a co-author of the study published yesterday in the journal Science.

“For the first time, we have imaged the continuous volcanic plumbing system under Yellowstone,” says first author Hsin-Hua Huang, also a postdoctoral researcher in geology and geophysics. “That includes the upper crustal magma chamber we have seen previously plus a lower crustal magma reservoir that has never been imaged before and that connects the upper chamber to the Yellowstone hotspot plume below.”

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Lyrid meteor shower peaks on April 23, 2015

Lyrid meteor shower will reach its maximum activity this year on the morning of April 23, 2015. The Moon will be 5 days old at the time, and so will present minimal interference. Lyrid meteors are known for their luminous dust trains observable for several seconds.

The pieces of space debris that interact with our atmosphere to create the Lyrids originate from comet C/1861 G1 Thatcher discovered on April 5, 1861, but the first recorded sighting of a Lyrid meteor shower goes back to 687 BC which makes them one of the oldest known meteor showers.

Lyrids are known for their fast and bright meteors and though they are not as fast or as plentiful as the famous Perseids in August they can surprise watchers with as many as 100 meteors seen per hour. Sightings of these heavier showers occurred in 1803 (Virginia), 1922 (Greece), 1945 (Japan), and 1982 (U.S.). In general, 10 - 20 Lyrid meteors can be seen per hour during their peak.

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Daylight fireball explodes over Kosice, Slovakia

A bright meteor was observed and recorded over eastern Slovakia on April 6, 2015. The event happened around 16:30 UTC (18:30 local time).

One video of the meteor was taken from a car in the Hungarian town of Rakospalota, and another in a second car in the Slovak city of Košice.

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Night sky guide for April 2015

This month is marked by the third of four total lunar eclipses separated by approximately 6 months - tetrad - which will occur at 12:00 UTC on April 4, 2015. The Moon will gradually get darker and then take on a rusty or blood red color. The eclipse will be visible throughout most of North America, South America, eastern Asia, and Australia. 

Some shooting stars associated with the Virginid meteor shower are expected to be visible each night from April 7 to 18, however, this shower will reach its maximum rate of activity on April 12 when the Moon will present minimal interference. The maximum rate of meteors expected to be visible from a dark location is around 5 per hour (ZHR).

Lyrids, an average meteor shower, usually producing about 20 meteors per hour at its peak will reach its maximum rate of activity on the night of April 22nd and morning of the 23rd. These meteors can sometimes produce bright dust trails that last for several seconds. The first quarter moon will set shortly after midnight, leaving fairly dark skies for the what could be a good show.

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The mystery of solar nanoflares

Nanoflares are eruptions on the Sun which are billion times less energetic than ordinary flares but still have the power that belies their name. 

They appear as little brightenings of the solar surface at extreme ultraviolet and X-ray wavelengths and they might solve a long-standing mystery in solar physics:  What causes the Sun's corona to be so hot?

Physicist David Smith of the UC Santa Crus says a typical 'nanoflare' has the same energy as 240 megatons of TNT, or something like 10 000 atomic fission bombs.

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MAVEN detects unexpected aurora and mysterious dust cloud around Mars

Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft has observed two unexpected phenomena in the Martian atmosphere: an unexplained high-altitude dust cloud and aurora that reaches deep into the Martian atmosphere.

The presence of the dust at orbital altitudes from about 150 - 300 km (93 - 190 miles) above the surface was not predicted. Although the source and composition of the dust are unknown, there is no hazard to MAVEN and other spacecraft orbiting Mars, NASA said.

Laila Andersson of the University of Colorado's Laboratory for Atmospherics and Space Physics (CU LASP) in Boulder, Colorado said that if the dust originates from the atmosphere, this suggests we are missing some fundamental process in the Martian atmosphere.

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Large green fireball accompanied by sonic booms observed over Europe

A large green fireball accompanied by sonic booms was observed over European countries of Germany, Austria and Switzerland at 19:44 UTC on March 15, 2015.

Markus Griesser from the Eschenberg Observatory in Switzerland said the information they received clearly indicates that it was a meteorite. He added it is too early to determine where the meteorite may have crashed.

Witnesses told Swiss newspaper Le Matin that they saw a “flash, like a lightning bolt” and others reported hearing a dull thunder accompanying the meteorite as it passed through the sky, TheLocal.fr writes

Some reported hearing two loud explosions on top of seeing the greenish light.

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Powerful solar flare measuring X2.1 erupts from Region 2297

A major solar flare measuring X2.1 (R3-Strong radio blackout) erupted from Region 2297 at 16:22 UTC on March 11, 2015. The event started at 16:11 and ended at 16:29 UTC.

This region has 'beta-gamma-delta' magnetic configuration and is capable of producing more strong eruptions on the Sun.

It already produced partially Earth-directed Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) over the last couple of days so it is possible that this eruption has an Earth-directed component if CME was produced. However, more details will be available after the analysis is complete. This page will be updated accordingly.

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Solar-powered plane takes off on a historic round-the-world flight

Swiss-made, 100% solar-powered airplane took off from Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates on Monday, March 9, 2015 in a first ever attempt to fly around the world in a plane powered entirely by energy received from the Sun.

On the same day, the plane successfully completed the first of 12 parts of its trip, flying from Abu Dhabi to Muscat, Oman. It was a relatively easy part that lasted 13 hours but the real challenges are yet to come; like the stretch from Nanjing, China to Hawaii, a 8 000 km (5 000 miles) journey of some 120 hours or 5 days.

At 02:35 UTC today, the plane took off on its second flight, from Muscat to Ahmedabad, India. This part is 1 465 km long (910 miles) and the estimated flight time is 16 hours.

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